剩余电流继电器如何应用于建筑电气施工中

摘要：随着我国经济发展速度的进一步加速，人们的生活水平也得到了不断地提升，不断加大居民的用电量，各种家用电器方便了人们生活的同时，在一定程度上对居民的生活也产生了较大的隐患。在建筑电气工程中，若有漏电问题的发生，就会影响着人们的日常生活，还会威胁着人们的生命**。因此，需要采用漏电保护技术，在电气工程系统中加入漏电保护装置，从容合理地降低施工人员的触电几率。

关键词：漏电；施工；触电

Abstract: With the further acceleration of my country’s economic development, people’s living standards have also been continuously improved, and residents’ electricity consumption has been continuously increased. While various household appliances have made people’s lives more convenient, they also provide a certain degree of benefit to residents. Life has also produced greater hidden dangers. In building electrical engineering, if there is a leakage problem, it will affect people's daily life and threaten people's lives. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt leakage protection technology and add leakage protection devices to the electrical engineering system to calmly and effectively reduce the chance of electric shock for construction workers.

Keywords: electric leakage; construction; electric shock

0：概述General

   对于建筑电气的施工，能够引起电气施工不**的因素很多，归纳起来主要包括：对于穿线工程中，导管细，导线繁多造成管内空间余量小，散热面不够。再加上施工人员技术素质低，不能按图施工。这样的危害是加速了导线绝缘层的老化速度，降低了工程的使用寿命。没有将腐蚀剂擦拭干净，开关处理没有切断相线，甚至将相线接到灯头螺口线柱上。插座安装将相线和零线位置互换，相线在上零线在下的规程接线问题等是在接线工作中常见的**问题。不少施工人员容易产生麻痹心理，在导管敷设施工中，对金属材质导管的管口不做处理，在管口处留很多毛刺，这些金属毛刺是很大的**隐患：在穿线施工中这些毛刺容易将导线的绝缘层划开，后果不堪设想，一旦出现了问题，轻者造成短路停电而且难以维修，重者可能引起火灾。在避雷系统施工过程中。引下线的做法各不相同，有的用镀锌圆钢，有的利用构造柱的四根主筋沿墙体或柱内敷设。施工中如果漏焊也会留下很大的**隐患，其造成的后果是：漏接或者漏焊一处圆钢，很可能就会使引下线失去应有的作用，避雷系统就不能发挥正常作用。

For the electrical construction of buildings, there are many factors that can cause unsafe electrical construction. In summary, they mainly include: for the threading project, the pipe is thin and the wires are numerous, resulting in a small margin in the pipe and insufficient heat dissipation surface. In addition, the technical quality of the construction personnel is low, and the construction cannot be carried out according to the drawings. Such a hazard is to accelerate the aging speed of the wire insulation layer and reduce the service life of the project. The corrosive agent was not wiped clean, the switching process did not cut off the phase wire, and even the phase wire was connected to the screw thread post of the lamp cap. Socket installation interchanges the position of the phase line and the neutral line. The wiring problem with the phase line on the top and the neutral line on the bottom is a common safety problem in the wiring work. Many construction workers are prone to paralysis. In catheter laying facilities, the nozzles of metal catheters are not treated, leaving many burrs at the nozzles. These metal burrs are a big safety hazard: these burrs during threading construction It is easy to cut the insulation layer of the wire, and the consequences are unimaginable. Once a problem occurs, the lighter will cause a short circuit and the power will be difficult to repair, and the severer may cause a fire. During the construction of the lightning protection system.The methods of down-conducting are different. Some use galvanized round steel, and some use the four main bars of the structural column to lay along the wall or inside the column. If the welding is missed during the construction, it will also leave a big safety hazard. The consequence is: missed or missed welding of a round steel, it is very likely that the down conductor will lose its due role, and the lightning protection system will not be able to perform. Normal function.

1：漏电保护技术在建筑电气工程中应用原则

Application principles of leakage protection technology in building electrical engineering

1） 在接地保护原则方面。建筑电气工程低压系统的中性点一般不进行接地，这样在系统正常运行过程中，须将电气设备金属外壳接地，同时供电设备的金属外壳也须进行接地保护。具体的内容包括以下几个方面：一，便携式用电器具、移动式用电器具金属底座以及外壳、电压器等电气设备、传动设备都须进行接地保护；二，汽油、柴油等金属罐体外壳须进行接地；三，建筑施工现场中，超过20厘米高度的电梯轨道、脚手架、起重折臂吊、竖井架等也须进行接地保护；四，配电箱、配电屏柜、焊工工作平台等也须进行接地保护；五，在建筑施工现场中，电动葫芦、龙门吊、塔吊等轨道上，需要设置两个或两个以上的接地点。特别是对于轨道接头处，须进行电气连接处理，将节点的电阻控制在4欧姆以内。如果轨道中有接地滑接器，那么需要通过连接线将接地滑接器与轨道合理地连接起来。第六，线路线杆上电气设备金属外壳以及支架须进行接地处理。

1) In terms of the principle of grounding protection. The neutral point of the low-voltage system of building electrical engineering is generally not grounded, so during the normal operation of the system, the metal shell of the electrical equipment must be grounded, and the metal shell of the power supply equipment must also be grounded. The specific content includes the following aspects: first, portable electrical appliances, mobile electrical appliances, metal bases, housings, voltage transformers and other electrical equipment, transmission equipment must be grounded; second, gasoline, diesel and other metal tanks The body shell must be grounded; third, in the construction site, elevator tracks, scaffolds, hoisting jib cranes, masts, etc. that are more than 20 cm in height must also be grounded; fourth, power distribution boxes, power distribution panels , Welders’ work platforms, etc. must also be grounded. Fifth, in the construction site, two or more grounding points need to be set on electric hoists, gantry cranes, tower cranes and other tracks. Especially for track joints, electrical connection processing must be carried out, and the resistance of the node must be controlled within 4 ohms. If there is a grounding slider in the track, it is necessary to effectively connect the grounding slider to the track through a connecting wire. Sixth, the metal shells and brackets of electrical equipment on line poles must be grounded.

2） 在接零保护原则方面。在建筑电气施工正常进行过程中，一些电气设备的不带电外露部位，也需要进行接零保护，具体包括以下几个方面：一，配电屏、控制屏金属框架部分需要进行接零保护；二，电气设备等传动设施须进行接零保护；三，变压器、发电机、照明工具、电动工具等金属外壳以及电容器金属外壳等也须进行接零进行保护。四，线路线杆中金属支架、开关金属外壳以及电容器金属外壳等也须进行接零保护；六，建筑施工现场电气室中设备的金属外壳、带电部分金属门、栏杆等等同样需要接零保护。

1) In terms of the principle of zero protection. In the normal process of building electrical construction, some uncharged exposed parts of electrical equipment also need to be zero-connected protection, including the following aspects: First, the metal frame of the power distribution panel and control panel needs to be zero-connected protection; Second, electrical equipment and other transmission facilities must be protected against zero connection; third, metal casings such as transformers, generators, lighting tools, power tools, and capacitor metal casings must also be protected against zero connection. Fourth, the metal brackets in the line poles, switch metal shells, and capacitor metal shells must also be connected to zero protection; sixth, the metal shells of the equipment in the electrical room of the construction site, the metal doors of the live parts, the railings, etc. also need to be connected Zero protection.                                                                             

3） 建筑电气安装和施工配合原则。在建筑施工过程中，建筑安装人员和施工人员在各道工序和各个工种之间密切配合、相互协作，改良施工环境，一样同样看待施工成果和对方施工成果，尽量做到不污染、不丢弃、不破坏，尽可能实现一次成型施工。如果是单项工程，则需要土建施工单位和建筑电气安装单位协作完成，土建施工单位逐项编制施工工序，双方互相配合，制作科学合理的施工计划和方案。电气设备安装和用电等是整个施工项目的重要部分，在施工过程中起着重要作用。因此，土建单位在指定施工进度计划时，需要考虑在施工过程中可能出现的问题、建筑电气安装的相关问题，并预留出足够的电气安装工期，从而创造出良好的施工条件。  

3) Principles of building electrical installation and construction cooperation. In the process of building construction, construction installation personnel and construction personnel closely cooperate and cooperate with each other in various procedures and types of work to improve the construction environment. Discard, do not damage, and achieve one-time molding construction as much as possible. If it is a single project, it needs to be completed by the civil construction unit and the building electrical installation unit. The civil construction unit prepares the construction procedures item by item, and the two parties cooperate with each other to make a scientific and reasonable construction plan and plan. Specialties such as electrical equipment installation and electricity use are an important part of the entire construction project and play an important role in the construction process. Therefore, when the civil engineering unit specifies the construction schedule, it needs to consider the problems that may arise during the construction process and the related issues of the building electrical installation profession, and reserve enough electrical installation time to create good construction conditions.

2.现代建筑电气漏电保护对策

Electric leakage protection countermeasures in modern buildings

1） 需安装漏电保护器的场所。建筑工地施工环境复杂多半，用到的建筑材料种类繁多。在一些潮湿的设备操作环境需安装漏电保护措施，设备使用随着建筑结构的发展需要经常移动，很多电源端都是临时的，往往忽略了漏电保护器的安装，严重地威胁着操作人员的人身**，以及整个工程的稳定进展。腐蚀性和易燃物附近的用电设备需要加强**措施，根据不同场地的结构，选取合适功能的附件，如采光点弱**通道较长处，整个保护系统就需要安装照明设备，一些大型设备在运转中不可以突然中止，阻断设备的设计要求速度合理，要加强报警装置的安放。建筑电气导线分布复杂，交叉分部很容易造成高温起火，在漏电保护方案的设计中，要考虑小贩报警和保障应急照明系统通电等问题，确保**作业，提升建筑**质量，为整个工程顺利投入使用打好基础。

1) Places where leakage protectors need to be installed. The construction environment of construction sites is mostly complex, and there are many kinds of building materials used. In some humid equipment operating environments, leakage protection measures need to be installed. The equipment needs to be moved frequently with the development of the building structure. Many power terminals are temporary, and the installation of leakage protectors is often ignored, which seriously threatens the personnel of the operators. Safety, and the steady progress of the entire project. Electrical equipment near corrosive and flammable materials needs to strengthen safety measures. According to the structure of different sites, select accessories with suitable functions. It is not allowed to stop suddenly during operation. The design of blocking equipment requires reasonable speed, and the placement of alarm devices should be strengthened. The distribution of electrical wires in buildings is complex, and the cross-sections are likely to cause high-temperature fires. In the design of the leakage protection scheme, issues such as hawker alarms and ensuring the power of emergency lighting systems must be considered to ensure safe operation, improve the safety quality of the building, and smoothly invest in the entire project Use a good foundation.

2） 漏电保护器动作电流的选择。单台用电设备的漏电保护器，其动作电流要四倍于正常运行时的实测泄漏电流以上；配电线路中的漏电保护器，其动作电流要大于正常运行实测泄露电流的2.5倍，与此同时，还要保证大于泄漏电流较大的用电设备在正常运行时泄漏电流的4倍。对于全方面进行保护时，其动作电流要2倍于实测泄漏电流，同时漏电保护器的额定动作电流要有一定的过盈量，以满足由于用电设备的增加、日久回路绝缘的电阻降低以及季节性的温度辩护等导致电流泄漏的增加。

2) Selection of action current of the leakage protector. The operating current of the leakage protector of a single electrical equipment is four times or more than the measured leakage current during normal operation; the operating current of the leakage protector in the distribution line is greater than 2.5 times of the measured leakage current during normal operation, and At the same time, it is also necessary to ensure that the leakage current of the electrical equipment with the largest leakage current is 4 times that of the leakage current during normal operation. When protecting the whole network, its operating current should be twice as much as the measured leakage current. At the same time, the rated operating current of the leakage protector must have a certain amount of interference to meet the requirements of the increase in electrical equipment and the decrease in the resistance of the circuit insulation over time. And seasonal temperature defenses have led to increased current leakage.

3） 四极和二极漏电保护器的应用。对于电气**和基本要求准则即为尽可能减少电器的触头数、极数和线路的连接点。线路的固定连接点和开关触头等的活动连接，在各种原因的影响下，都会由于导电**而引发事故。尤其是三相回路中的中性线，其导电**而引发的危险更加严重，这是由于当中性线导电**时，设备却仍然在运行，不易发现隐患，如果三相负荷发生严重不平衡，这将使三相电压也趋于严重的不平衡状态，进而将单相设备烧坏，因此要尽可能地限制在中性线上增加触头。

3)Application of four-pole and two-pole leakage protector. The criterion for electrical safety and basic requirements is to minimize the number of contacts, poles, and connection points of electrical appliances. The fixed connection point of the line and the movable connection of the switch contact, etc., under the influence of various reasons, will cause accidents due to poor conduction. Especially for the neutral wire in the three-phase circuit, the danger caused by its poor conductivity is more serious. This is because when the neutral wire is poorly conductive, the equipment is still running and hidden dangers are not easy to find. If the three-phase load is severely unbalanced, This will make the three-phase voltage also tend to be in a serious unbalanced state, and then burn out the single-phase equipment, so it is necessary to limit the increase of contacts on the neutral line as much as possible.

4） 等电位联结的实施。等电位联结即为把保护接零总线和建筑物的暖通管、总煤气管、总水管等金属管道或装置，用导线进行联结的一种方法，以此来均衡建筑物内电位的目的，此法尤其适用于易燃易爆的场所。对于单相220V的线路，漏电保护器只能起到间接接触保护作用，还同时存在由于机件的磨损、质量的不稳定引发的寿命较短、接触**等因素的影响，导致动作失灵等隐患，无法单独作为一种合理的保护措施，仍需进行等电位联结，才能完全消掉低电位的金属零件与漏电的设备或电气线路之间的电火花、电弧现象的发生，进而合理避免火灾等**事故。

4)Implementation of equipotential bonding. Equipotential bonding is a method of connecting the protective zero bus with metal pipes or devices such as building HVAC pipes, gas mains, water mains, etc. with wires to balance the potential in the building. This method is especially suitable for flammable and explosive places. For single-phase 220V lines, the leakage protector can only play the role of indirect contact protection. At the same time, it also has the influence of short life, poor contact and other factors caused by the abrasion of the mechanical parts and the instability of the quality, leading to hidden dangers such as operation failure. It cannot be used as an effective protective measure alone. Equipotential bonding is still needed to completely eliminate the occurrence of electric sparks and arcs between low-potential metal parts and leakage equipment or electrical circuits, thereby effectively avoiding fires and other safety accident.

5） 漏电保护器的使用要注意的问题

① 漏电保护器额定漏电动作电流的协调配合

在就地用电负荷保护的漏电保护器，其额定的漏电动作电流IΔn1须满足IΔn1≤30mA的这一条件；干线或分支线保护的漏电保护器，其额定的漏电动作电流IΔn2的前提是IΔn2≥1.25IΔn1；主干线或总干线保护的漏电保护器哦，其额定的漏电动作电流IΔn3通常是300mA,按照相应标准，其前提条件为300mA≥IΔn3≥1.25IΔn2。所以，总结来说，漏电保护器的使用条件可归纳为300mA≥IΔn3≥1.25IΔn2、IΔn2≥1.25IΔn1、IΔn1≤30mA。

②  漏电保护器额定动作时间的协调配合

首先，根据《漏电保护器安装运行规程》中的相关标准，上下级漏电保护器额定动作时间的级差处于0.2s，作为快速型的是处于末端保护漏电保护器的额定值，通常都小于0.1s，而二级和三级的漏电保护器的额定值则有所延伸，其延伸值分别为0.2s和0.4s。再者将漏电保护器的反时限延的特殊性加以运用，比如①级比二级少0.1s，三级则须加时0.2s。结尾，如果建筑工地选用的漏电保护器属于反时限型，则可以将日本现行使用标准作为参照进行使用。若漏电电流为IΔn，动作时间处于0.2~1s之间；若漏电电流为1.4IΔn，动作时间则处于0.1s和0.5s之间；若漏电电流为4.4IΔn，动作时间在0.05s以内。

5) Issues that should be paid attention to in the use of leakage protectors

①Coordination of the rated leakage current of the leakage protector

In the leakage protector for on-site electrical load protection, the rated leakage current IΔn1 must meet the condition of IΔn1≤30mA; for the leakage protector for main or branch line protection, the premise of the rated leakage current IΔn2 is IΔn2 ≥1.25IΔn1; The leakage protector for main trunk line or main trunk line protection, its rated leakage action current IΔn3 is usually 300mA, according to the corresponding standard, the prerequisite is 300mA≥IΔn3≥1.25IΔn2. Therefore, in summary, the operating conditions of the leakage protector can be summarized as 300mA≥IΔn3≥1.25IΔn2, IΔn2≥1.25IΔn1, IΔn1≤30mA.

② Coordination of the rated operating time of the leakage protector

First of all, according to the relevant standards in the "Earth-leakage Protector Installation and Operation Regulations", the difference in the rated operating time of the upper and lower-level leakage protectors is 0.2s. As a fast type, the rated value of the terminal protection leakage protector is usually less than 0.1s. , And the ratings of the secondary and tertiary leakage protectors have been extended, and the extension values are 0.2s and 0.4s respectively. In addition, the special nature of the inverse time delay of the leakage protector is used. For example, the first level is 0.1s less than the second level, and the third level must be 0.2s longer. Finally, if the leakage protector selected at the construction site is of the inverse time limit type, you can use the current Japanese standard for use as a reference. If the leakage current is IΔn, the action time is between 0.2 and 1s; if the leakage current is 1.4IΔn, the action time is between 0.1s and 0.5s; if the leakage current is 4.4IΔn, the action time is within 0.05s.

3. 产品概述General product

常见的相与相间发生短路可以产生很大电流，可采用开关保护，而发生人体触电、线路老化而导致的电流泄露产生的火灾以及设备的接地故障都是由于漏电流所造成，漏电流一般都在30mA-3A，这些值很小，传统开关无法进行保护，所以须采用剩余电流动作保护装置。

剩余电流继电器是由剩余电流互感器来检测剩余电流，并在规定条件下，当剩余电流达到或超过给定值时，使电器的一个或多个电气输出电路中的触点产生开闭动作的开关电器。

下面介绍三种常见的漏电情况。

1、防直接接触电击须采用I△n≤30mA的高灵敏度的RCD。

The common phase-to-phase short circuit can generate a large current, which can be protected by a switch. However, the current leakage caused by human body electric shock and line aging and the ground fault of the equipment are caused by leakage current. The leakage current is generally At 30mA-3A, these values are so small that traditional switches cannot be protected, so a residual current-operated protection device must be used.

The residual current relay is a residual current transformer to detect the residual current, and under specified conditions, when the residual current reaches or exceeds a given value, one or more electrical output circuit contacts in the electrical appliance will be opened and closed. Switch electrical appliances.

Here are three common leakage situations.

1. High-sensitivity RCD with I△n≤30mA must be used to prevent direct contact and electric shock.

2、防间接接触电击可采用I△n大于30mA的中灵敏度的RCD。

2. The medium sensitivity RCD with I△n greater than 30mA can be used to prevent indirect contact electric shock.

3、防火RCD需采用4极或2极RCD。

3.  4-pole or 2-pole RCD shall be used for fireproof RCD.

对于IT系统，按规定采用剩余电流继电器。为防止系统绝缘降低和作为二次故障后备保护，依据接线型式，采用类似 TT 或 TN 系统的保护措施。首先应采用绝缘监视装置，预测一次故障。

For IT systems, residual current relays are used as required. In order to prevent the insulation of the system from degrading and as a secondary fault backup protection, according to the wiring type, a protective measure similar to the TT or TN system is adopted. First, an insulation monitoring device should be used to predict a failure.

对于TT系统，推荐采用剩余电流继电器。因为当发生单相接地故障时，故障电流很小，且较难估计，达不到开关的动作电流，外壳上将出现危险电压。此时N线须穿过剩余电流互感器。

For the TT system, a residual current relay is recommended. Because when a single-phase grounding fault occurs, the fault current is very small and difficult to estimate. If the operating current of the switch is not reached, a dangerous voltage will appear on the housing. At this time, the N wire must pass through the residual current transformer.

对于TN-S系统，可采用剩余电流继电器。更快速灵敏切断故障，以提高**可靠性，此时 PE 线不得穿过互感器，N 线须穿互感器，且不得重复接地。

For the TN-S system, a residual current relay can be used. Cut off the fault more quickly and sensitively to improve safety and reliability. At this time, the PE wire must not pass through the transformer, and the N wire must pass through the transformer, and it must not be grounded repeatedly.

对于TN-C系统，不能采用剩余电流继电器。因为 PE 线和 N 线合一，若 PEN 线不重复接地，当外壳带电，互感器进出电流相等，ASJ拒动；若PEN线重复接地，部分单相电流将流入重复接地，达一定值后，ASJ 误动。 需将TN-C系统改造成TN-C-S系统，同TN-S系统，再将剩余电流互感器接入TN-S系统中。

For TN-C systems, residual current relays cannot be used. Because the PE wire and the N wire are integrated, if the PEN wire is not repeatedly grounded, when the housing is energized, the current in and out of the transformer is equal, and the ASJ refuses to move; if the PEN wire is repeatedly grounded, part of the single-phase current will flow into the repeated grounding. After reaching a certain value, ASJ malfunctioned. It is necessary to transform the TN-C system into a TN-C-S system, which is the same as the TN-S system, and then connect the residual current transformer to the TN-S system.